GOING COASTAL:
THE BEACHES OF NEW YORK CITY
INTRODUCTION
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New York City is steamy in summer, but its 18 miles of public beaches, situated on the City's 578-mile coastline, are free, open to all, and just a bus or subway ride away. They can be found in every borough except river-bound Manhattan, and offer every flavor from Coney Island, the quintessential waterfront amusement park, to Orchard Beach, the "Bronx Riviera."
Until the 19th century, the city's Long Island Sound and Atlantic shorelines were pristine, rugged, and hard to get to. But in the 1820's, the first developments sprang up, beginning a long tug-of-war between private and public control of what was to become an increasingly valued resource. After the Civil War, the pace of development accelerated with the opening of fashionable resorts like the Manhattan Beach and Oriental Hotels at Coney Island. Sections of the wild dunes of the Rockaway peninsula in Queens and Staten Island's south shore were also converted for recreation. By century's end, with the help of improved rail and ferry transportation, a thriving amusement-park culture was serving the city's skyrocketing population.
By the late 1920's, the City had established Jacob Riis Park, the Coney Island boardwalk, and a few small waterfront parks in Brooklyn and Queens that catered mainly to day-trippers. But most of the shoreline was claimed and managed by entrepreneurs, whose taste often ran to the tawdry. At Wolfe's Pond Park on Staten Island, portions of the Rockaways and Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, large and sometimes illegal bungalow communities even took root.
When he became Parks Commissioner in 1934, Robert Moses set out to expand and make the beaches more wholesome. He emphasized the need for an orderly, healthful and safe experience, which required razing the offending bungalows and kicking out poorly run concessions, plagued by corruption. Before Parks gained full control of the beaches in 1938, he commented: "No inland lake, stream or pool can compete with the Ocean and its tributaries which surround the City." Vast improvements followed. In the Bronx, the water between Rodman's Neck and Hunter Island was filled to create Orchard Beach's wide crescent. New boardwalks went up at South and Midland Beaches, Coney Island, Rockaway and Jacob Riis Parks. Public works like the Belt Parkway and the Marine Parkway Bridge improved beach access.
Moses was a victim of his success. Postwar beach attendance soared, and in response the City aggressively acquired coastland, including Manhattan Beach. By the time Moses left office in 1960, public beaches had increased from 1 to 17.96 miles. His successors have faced operational hurdles of almost biblical proportions as they combated storms, fires, medical waste and ordinary litter. In 1974, during the fiscal crisis, Riis Park in Queens and Great Kills on Staten Island were transferred along with Jamaica Bay from City to Federal jurisdiction as the Gateway National Recreation Area.
Now the increasingly post-industrial
city has turned its attention generally to its waterfronts,
an emphasis that has led to many public and private
beach projects. At Orchard Beach, $3.3 million was
invested in 1998 to rebuild the monumental bathing
pavilions and terraces. At Midland Beach on Staten
Island, an enormous capital investment has paid for
boardwalk repair, a grand entrance plaza (2002), and
a new fishing pier (2003). At Rockaway Beach, the
City broke ground in 2004 for a new oceanside skate
park, while Coney Island gained new comfort stations,
information kiosks, music pavilions, and KeySpan Park
(2001), home of the Brooklyn Cyclones. These amenities
will help the city's 12 million visitors to the city's
beaches cool off and enjoy themselves, ensuring that
New Yorkers continue to go coastal well into the 21st
century.